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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Label</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Label_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Label (disambiguation)">Label (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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<p>A <b>label</b> (as distinct from <a href="Signage" title="Signage">signage</a>) is a piece of <a href="Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>, <a href="Plastic_film" title="Plastic film">plastic film</a>, <a href="Cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloth">cloth</a>, <a href="Metal" title="Metal">metal</a>, or other material affixed to a <a href="Packaging_and_labelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Packaging and labelling">container</a> or <a href="Product_(business)" title="Product (business)">product</a>. Labels are most often affixed to packaging and containers using an <a href="Pressure-sensitive_adhesive" title="Pressure-sensitive adhesive">adhesive</a>, or <a href="Sewing" title="Sewing">sewing</a> when affixed to <a href="Clothing" title="Clothing">clothing</a>. Labels contain <a href="Printing" title="Printing">printed</a> information or symbols about the product or item. Information printed directly on a container or article can also be considered <a href="Packaging_and_labelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Packaging and labelling">labelling</a>.

</p><p>Labels have many uses, including promotion and providing information on a product's origin, the manufacturer (e.g., <a href="Brand_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Brand name">brand name</a>), use, safety, shelf-life and disposal, some or all of which may be governed by legislation such as that for food in the UK<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or United States.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Methods of production and attachment to packaging are many and various and may also be subject to <a href="List_of_technical_standard_organisations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of technical standard organisations">internationally recognised standards</a>. In many countries, hazardous products such as <a href="Poison" title="Poison">poisons</a> or <a href="Flammable" class="mw-redirect" title="Flammable">flammable</a> liquids must have a warning label.

</p>

<p>Labels may be used for any combination of identification, information, <a href="Warning_label" title="Warning label">warning</a>, instructions for use, environmental advice or advertising. They may be stickers, permanent or temporary labels or printed packaging.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Products">Products</h3></div>

<p>Permanent <a href="Product_(business)" title="Product (business)">product</a> identification by a label is commonplace; labels need to remain secure throughout the life of the product. For example, a <a href="VIN" class="mw-redirect" title="VIN">VIN</a> plate on an automobile must be resistant to heat, oils and tampering; similarly, a <a href="Food_labeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Food labeling">food label</a> must endure until the food has been used. Removable product labels need to bond until they are removed. For example, a label on a new refrigerator has installation, usage and environmental information: the label needs to be able to be removed cleanly and easily from the unit once installed.

</p><p>Labels for food and beverages typically include critical information pertinent to the contents or ingredients used in a product, and may also state allergy risks such as the presence of gluten or soy. For example, the United States <a href="Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) provides standards to regulate the information provided on the labels and packaging of wine and spirits. These labels include information like brand name, class and type designation, and alcohol content.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Packaging">Packaging</h3></div>

<p><a href="Packaging" title="Packaging">Packaging</a> may have labeling attached to or integral to the package. These may carry pricing, barcodes, <a href="Universal_Product_Code" title="Universal Product Code">UPC</a> identification, usage guidance, addresses, advertising, recipes, and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also may be used to help resist or indicate tampering or pilferage.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assets">Assets</h3></div>

<p>In industrial or military environments, asset labeling is used to clearly identify assets for maintenance and operational purposes. Such labels are frequently made of engraved <a href="Traffolyte" title="Traffolyte">Traffolyte</a> or a similar material.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are usually tamper-evident, permanent or <a href="Frangibility" title="Frangibility">frangible</a> and usually contain a barcode for electronic identification using readers. For example, the US Military uses a <a href="Item_Unique_Identification" title="Item Unique Identification">UID</a> system for its assets.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shelf_/_Rack_labels">Shelf / Rack labels</h3></div>

<p>The storage locations in shelves are often marked with a shelf label (possibly also with a barcode or numbering). They can be self-adhesive, magnetic or slide-in.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textiles">Textiles</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Laundry_symbol" title="Laundry symbol">Laundry symbol</a></div>

<p>Garments normally carry separate care/treatment labels which, in some regions, are subject to legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These labels typically indicate how the item should be washed (e.g., machine washed vs. <a href="Dry_cleaning" title="Dry cleaning">dry cleaning</a>), whether bleach can be used. Textile labels may be woven into the garment or attached, and can be heat resistant (so survivable in hot-air dryers and when pressed), colorfast (so does not bleed onto the garment), washable, <a href="Leather" title="Leather">leather</a> or PVC/Plastic. Printed labels are an alternative to woven labels. Some upholstered furniture and mattresses have labels that are required by law, describing the contents of the stuffing.

</p><p>Textiles containing pesticides as an ingredient may also require government approval and compulsory labeling. In the USA, for example, labels have to state the pesticide registration number, statement of ingredients, storage and disposal information, and the following statement: "It is a violation of Federal Law to use this product in a manner inconsistent with its labeling”. A label including a company name or identification number and a material content list may also be required.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mailing">Mailing</h3></div>

<p>Mailing labels identify the addressee, the sender and any other information which may be useful in transit. Many software packages such as <a href="Word_processor" title="Word processor">word processor</a> and <a href="Contact_manager" title="Contact manager">contact manager</a> programs produce standardized mailing labels from a <a href="Data_set" title="Data set">data set</a> that comply with postal standards. These labels may also include routing barcodes and special handling requirements to expedite delivery.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specialized_labels">Specialized labels </h3></div>

<ul><li><b>Notebook labels</b> are mainly used for identifying the owner and purpose of the notebook. Some information on a label may include name, contents, and date started.</li>

<li><b>Piggyback</b> labels are made by combining two layers of adhesive substrate. The bottom layer forms the backing for the top. The label can be applied to any object as normal, the top layer can be a removable label that can be applied elsewhere, which may change the message or marking on the remaining label underneath. Often used on Express mail envelopes. Other applications include price change labels where when being scanned at the till, the till assistant can peel back the price-reduction label and scan the original barcode enabling stock flow management. These labels are also seen on magazine subscription renewals, allowing customers to re-subscribe to the magazine with an easy peel-and-stick label sent back.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, as the retained label is adhesive free it prevents customers from re-applying the cheaper-priced labels to premium products.</li>

<li><b><a href="Smart_label" title="Smart label">Smart labels</a></b> have <a href="RFID" class="mw-redirect" title="RFID">RFID</a> chips embedded under the label stock.</li>

<li><b>Blockout</b> labels are not see-through at all, concealing what lies underneath with a strong gray adhesive.</li>

<li><b>Radioactive</b> labels. The use of <a href="Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radioactive</a> <a href="Isotopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotopes">isotopes</a> of chemical elements, such as <a href="Carbon-14" title="Carbon-14">carbon-14</a>, to allow the <a href="In_vivo" title="In vivo">in vivo</a> tracking of <a href="Chemical_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical compounds">chemical compounds</a>.</li>

<li><b>Laser</b> or <b>printer</b> labels are generally die cut on 8.5" x 11" (US letter) or A4 sized sheets, and come in many different shapes, sizes,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> formats and materials. Laser label material is a nonporous stock made to withstand the intense heat of laser printers and copiers. A drawback of laser labels is that the entire sheet needs to be printed before any labels are used; once labels have been removed the sheet cannot be put through the printer again without damaging the printing mechanism. Inkjet label material is a porous stock made to accept ink and dye from an inkjet printer. One of the more modern inkjet label material stocks is waterproof printable inkjet material commonly used for soap or shower gel containers.</li>

<li><a href="Security_label" class="mw-redirect" title="Security label">Security labels</a> are used for anti-<a href="Counterfeit" title="Counterfeit">counterfeiting</a>, brand protection, <a href="Tamper-evident" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamper-evident">tamper-evident</a> seals and <a href="Package_pilferage" title="Package pilferage">anti-pilferage seals</a>. These combine a number of overt and covert features to make reproduction difficult. The use of <a href="Security_printing" title="Security printing">security printing</a>, <a href="Holography" title="Holography">holography</a>, <a href="Embossing_(paper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Embossing (paper)">embossing</a>, <a href="Barcode" title="Barcode">barcodes</a>, <a href="RFID" class="mw-redirect" title="RFID">RFID</a> chips, custom printing and weak (or weakened) backings are common. They are used for <a href="Authentication" title="Authentication">authentication</a>, theft reduction, and protection against counterfeit and are commonly used on ID cards, credit cards, packaging, and products from CDs to electronics to clothing.</li>

<li><b>Antimicrobial</b> labels. With the growth in hospital-acquired infections such as <a href="Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus">MRSA</a> and E-Coli, the use of antimicrobial labels in infection-sensitive areas of hospitals are helping in combating these types of microbes.</li>

<li><b>Fold-out</b> labels, also known as <i>booklet</i>, <i>multi-page, multi-layer,</i> or <i>extended</i> labels, or <i>lablets</i> (combined label + <a href="Folded_leaflet" title="Folded leaflet">leaflet</a>). Where the pack is not large enough for a single label to carry all the required information, fold-out labels are often preferred to separate leaflets, which can easily be lost. These labels are frequently seen on agricultural chemicals and consumer pharmaceuticals.</li>

<li><b>Barcode labels</b> A large proportion of labels produced today carry <a href="Barcode" title="Barcode">barcodes</a>, either for product identification, for traceability in items such as freight packages, and on items requiring brand authentication and protection. There are many different formats of barcodes found on labels, but one of the most commonly distributed formats is the <a href="International_Article_Number_(EAN)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Article Number (EAN)">International Article Number (EAN)</a>. This is the code used to identify retail products worldwide and is found on almost all consumer-level packaging labels.</li>

<li><b>Shrink Sleeve labels</b> provide full 360-degree coverage on a container or bottle. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol-modified (PETG) are two commonly used shrink-sleeve materials. Shrink sleeves can be applied to uniquely shaped bottles or standard containers and can be printed with metallic features, textured/raised features, UV inks, and matt or glossy finishes.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stock_types">Stock types</h2></div>

<p>Label "stock" is the carrier which is commonly <a href="Coated" class="mw-redirect" title="Coated">coated</a> on one side with adhesive and printed on the other, and can be:

</p>

<ul><li><b>Paper</b> - a variety of papers and <a href="Paperboard" title="Paperboard">paperboards</a> can be used as labels</li>

<li><b><a href="Nonwoven_fabric" title="Nonwoven fabric">Nonwoven fabric</a></b> - for extra durability</li>

<li><b>Latex</b> – a lithographic stock with some added <a href="Latex" title="Latex">latex</a> allows the label to be much more flexible and form around certain curved objects more easily than standard paper;</li></ul>

<ul><li><b><a href="Plastic" title="Plastic">Plastics</a></b> such as <a href="Cellulose_acetate" title="Cellulose acetate">acetate</a>, <a href="Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">vinyl</a>, and <a href="PET_film_(biaxially_oriented)" class="mw-redirect" title="PET film (biaxially oriented)">PET film</a> allow a variety of features, such as greater <a href="Strength_of_materials" title="Strength of materials">strength</a>, <a href="Stiffness" title="Stiffness">stiffness</a>, <a href="Transparency_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency (optics)">transparency</a> and resistance to tearing. They typically require special equipment and printing methods (<a href="Ultra-violet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-violet">ultra-violet</a> curing is common) as they do not normally print well with conventional ink. A <a href="Bumper_sticker" title="Bumper sticker">bumper sticker</a> is usually a vinyl label with a very strong, durable adhesive and lightfast inks. <a href="Embossing_tape" title="Embossing tape">Embossing tape</a> is "printed" by pressing raised elements similar to <a href="Sort_(typesetting)" title="Sort (typesetting)">printing type</a> onto it, which produces raised glyphs that look white due to the discoloration of the plastic. A type known as 'destructible vinyl' is commonly used for asset labels. It combines a very thin frangible face stock with a very strong high tack adhesive, thus making the label impossible to remove without damaging it. Engraved multi-layer <a href="Traffolyte" title="Traffolyte">Traffolyte</a> labels are frequently used in industrial situations due to their durability;</li>

<li><b>Foil</b> – <a href="Aluminum_foil" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum foil">Aluminum foil</a> and vapor-coated <a href="Plastic_film" title="Plastic film">plastic films</a> are often chosen for the bright reflective characteristics;</li>

<li><b>Thermal</b> – direct thermal label stock will change <a href="Color" title="Color">color</a> (usually black) when heated. A heating element in the shape of letters or images can be used to create an image on the label. Custom labels can be easily made on location in this way. A disadvantage is durability, because another heat source can ruin or obscure the image, or it may fade completely over time;</li>

<li><b>Thermal transfer</b> for applications that cannot use thermal (thermal direct) label material because of heat source proximity or short label life, a more widely used material is the thermal transfer <a href="Label_printer" title="Label printer">label printer</a>. This material has the advantage of a much longer readable life and does not fade with time or heat. Most major manufacturers of thermal printers can be used for either thermal transfer (TT) or thermal (DT) labels. A thermal transfer ribbon will be required to print the labels. The cost of the ribbons + TT labels is similar to that of the DT labels on their own;</li>

<li><b>Thermal transfer ribbon types</b>:

<ul><li>Wax is the most popular as it has some smudge resistance, and is suitable for matte and semi-gloss paper labels;</li>

<li>Wax and resin are smudge resistant, suitable for semi-gloss paper and some synthetic labels;</li>

<li>Resin is scratch and chemical-resistant, suitable for coated synthetic labels;</li></ul></li>

<li><b>None</b> – labels can be printed directly on adhesive without using a <a href="Substrate_(printing)" title="Substrate (printing)">substrate</a>. Labels made in this manner are extremely fragile, however, and have been rendered virtually obsolete by other printing methods such as <a href="Screen-printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Screen-printing">silk screen</a>;</li></ul>

<p>The stock type will affect the types of ink that will print well on them. Corona-treating or flame-treating some plastics makes them more receptive to inks, coatings, and other substrates by reducing surface tension and improving the overall adhesion of the plastics.

</p><p>An alternative method of labelling is weaving the text directly into the fabric.

</p>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Printing" title="Printing">Printing</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attachment">Attachment</h2></div>

<p>Labels can be attached by:

</p>

<ul><li>Heat-activated adhesives: for example, "in-mold labeling" can be part of <a href="Blow_molding" title="Blow molding">blow molding</a> containers and employs heat activated adhesives. <a href="Hot_melt_adhesive" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot melt adhesive">Hot melt adhesives</a> are also used.</li>

<li><a href="Pressure-sensitive_adhesive" title="Pressure-sensitive adhesive">Pressure-sensitive adhesives</a> (also called PSA or self-stick) are applied with light pressure without activation or heat. PSA labels often have <a href="Release_liner" title="Release liner">release liners</a> which protect the adhesive and assist label handling.</li>

<li><a href="Rivet" title="Rivet">Rivets</a> used to attach information plates to industrial equipment.</li>

<li><a href="Shrink_wrap" title="Shrink wrap">Shrink wrap</a> for printed shrinkable labels placed over packages and then heated to shrink them.</li>

<li><a href="Sewing" title="Sewing">Sewing</a> for fabrics such as clothing, tents, mattresses and industrial sacks.</li>

<li>Wet glue such as <a href="Starch" title="Starch">starch</a>, <a href="Dextrin" title="Dextrin">dextrin</a>, <a href="Polyvinyl_acetate" title="Polyvinyl acetate">PVA</a> or water moistenable gummed adhesive.</li>

<li><a href="Yarn" title="Yarn">Yarn</a>, <a href="Twine" title="Twine">twine</a> or plastic tie, usually referred to as a <a href="Swing_tag" title="Swing tag">swing tag</a>.</li>

<li>Static cling, where "stickers" have a static charge enabling them to attach without adhesive to smooth surfaces such as glass.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pressure-sensitive_adhesive_types">Pressure-sensitive adhesive types</h3></div>

<p><a href="Pressure-sensitive_adhesive" title="Pressure-sensitive adhesive">Pressure-sensitive adhesives</a> for labels are commonly <a href="Acrylate_polymer" title="Acrylate polymer">acrylic</a> based adhesives, with a smaller volume made using solvent-coated rubber adhesives and hot-melt coated adhesives. The most common adhesive types are:

</p>

<ul><li><b>Permanent</b> – Typically not designed to be removed without tearing the stock, damaging the surface, or using solvents. The adhesion strength and speed can also be varied. For example, full adhesion can be nearly instant, or the label can be almost removable for a short period with full adhesion developing in minutes or hours (known as repositionable adhesives).</li>

<li><b>Peelable</b> – Adhesion is fairly strong and will not fall off in normal circumstances, but the label can be removed relatively easily without tearing the base stock or leaving adhesive behind on the old surface. The adhesive is usually strong enough to be applied again elsewhere. This type is frequently known as 'removable'. There are many different types of removable adhesives, some are almost permanent, and some are almost 'ultra peelable'.</li>

<li><b>Ultra-peelable</b> – Designed principally for use on book covers and glass, when removed these adhesive labels do not leave any residue whatsoever. Adhesion is weak and only suitable for light-duty applications. Normally these labels have very little adhesion to anything once they've been removed.</li>

<li><b>Freezer or frost fix</b> – Most permanent and peelable adhesives have a service temperature limit of -10 degrees Celsius, whereas freezer (otherwise known as frost fix) adhesives have a service temperature of -40 degrees Celsius and are suitable for deep freeze use.</li>

<li><b>High tack</b> – A type of permanent adhesive that exhibits a high initial grab to the application surfaces, and is commonly used at higher coat weights to enable labels to adhere strongly to difficult, rough or dirty surfaces.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Application">Application</h3></div>

<p>Labels may be supplied separately or on a roll or sheet. Many labels are pre-printed by the manufacturer. Others have printing applied manually or automatically at the time of application. Specialized high-speed <a href="Label_printer_applicator" title="Label printer applicator">label printer applicators</a> may be used to apply labels to packages; these and other methods may be subject to recognized standards.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some labels have protective overcoats, laminates, or tape to cover them after the final print is applied. This is sometimes before application and sometimes after. Labels are often difficult to peel and apply. A <a href="Label_dispenser" title="Label dispenser">label dispenser</a> can speed up this task.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usability">Usability</h2></div>

<p>Aspects such as legibility, literacy and interpretation come into play for users of labels, and label writers therefore need some degree of <a href="Professional_writing" title="Professional writing">professional writing</a> skill.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending upon country or region, international standards may be applied.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where literacy may be an issue, <a href="Pictograms" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictograms">pictograms</a> may feature alongside text, such as those advanced by <a href="CropLife_International" title="CropLife International">CropLife International</a> in their <i>Responsible Use</i> manual.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Labels or printed packaging may include <a href="Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a> to aid users with <a href="Blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Blindness">visual impairment</a>.

</p><p>Criticism of label readability is not uncommon; for example, Canadian researchers found that medicine labels did not consistently follow legibility guidelines.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some countries and industries, for example the UK (food)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and EU (medicines)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> label guidelines are not legally binding (the latter using phrases such as <i>"The type size should be as large as possible to aid readers..."</i>) and thus are unenforceable. On the other hand, countries may stipulate legal minima for readability, such as the USA's FDA on nutritional information<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Australia/New Zealand's code for food labels and packs.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_considerations">Environmental considerations</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compliance">Compliance</h3></div>

<p>Labels of <a href="Sustainability_standards_and_certification" title="Sustainability standards and certification">sustainability standards and certification</a> such as <a href="Organic_food" title="Organic food">organic food</a> and <a href="Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">energy efficiency class</a> labels are often intended to confirm compliance with relevant social and environmental considerations, enabling consumers and other purchasers to make more <a href="Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">ethical decisions</a> in terms of <a href="Sustainability_measurement#Life_cycle_analysis" title="Sustainability measurement">the environmental impact of products</a>.

</p><p>Labels such as the <a href="Ecolabel#European_Union" title="Ecolabel">European Eco-label</a> and those issued by sustainability standards organisations may be used by businesses and public bodies to confirm compliance. Public procurement regulations in the <a href="Government_procurement_in_the_European_Union" title="Government procurement in the European Union">European Union</a> and the <a href="Government_procurement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government procurement in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> require that label requirements only include those which are "linked to the subject-matter of the contract".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In <span data-sort-value="000000002023-06-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">June 2023</span>, the <a href="Scientific_Advice_Mechanism" title="Scientific Advice Mechanism">Scientific Advice Mechanism</a> to the <a href="European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> concluded that the effectiveness of food labelling related to health impacts was "low to moderate" according to available evidence, and that "shaping the information environment through labelling is necessary but not sufficient to advance healthy and sustainable diets".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The approach of labels can involve a trade-off between <a href="Homo_economicus" title="Homo economicus">financial considerations</a> and higher cost requirements in effort or time for the product-selection from the <a href="Overchoice" title="Overchoice">many</a> available options.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_of_labels_on_the_environment">Impact of labels on the environment</h3></div>

<p>Labels may affect the environment during manufacture, use, and post-use. Choice of backings, coatings, adhesives and liners can be strong factors. Environmental regulations and guidelines can come from many sources. Users of labels on <a href="Packaging" title="Packaging">packaging</a> may consider some of the <a href="Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">sustainable packaging</a> guidelines. Based on the solid <a href="Waste_hierarchy" title="Waste hierarchy">waste hierarchy</a>, the quantity and size of labels should be minimized without reducing the necessary functionality. The material content of a label should comply with applicable regulations. <a href="Life_cycle_assessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Life cycle assessment">Life cycle assessments</a> of the item being labeled and of the label itself are useful to identify and improve possible environmental effects. For example, reuse or recycling are sometimes aided by a label being removable from a surface.

</p><p>If a label remains on an item during recycling, a label should be chosen which does not hinder the recyclability of the item.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, when labeled corrugated boxes are recycled, wet strength paper labels do not hinder box recycling: the PSA adhesive stays with the backing and is easily removed. Paper backings without wet strength may release their adhesives, potentially contaminating recycling efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Labels can aid in <a href="Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a> and <a href="Reuse" title="Reuse">reuse</a> by communicating the material content of the item, instructions for disassembly or recycling directions. An <a href="Eco-label" class="mw-redirect" title="Eco-label">eco-label</a> is used on consumer products (including foods) to identify products that may be less damaging to the environment and/or humans than other related products, such as sustainable seafood encouraged by <a href="Friend_of_the_Sea" title="Friend of the Sea">Friend of the Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_aspects">Other aspects</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color">Color</h3></div>

<p>Ink and base stock color choices commonly conform to the <a href="Pantone" title="Pantone">Pantone</a> Matching System (PMS) colors. The Pantone system is very dominant in the label printing industry. Additionally, specialty inks such as metallic, UV ink, magnetic ink, and more are available. Ink is usually transparent however it can be made opaque. It has been known for certain companies to patent "their own" color. Digital labels use process colors to replicate Pantone solid colors.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collectability">Collectability</h3></div>

<p>Collecting labels is a worldwide phenomenon, from labels used on <a href="Phillumeny" title="Phillumeny">matchboxes</a> and foodstuffs (e.g., <a href="Cheese" title="Cheese">cheese</a>), <a href="Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>, to printed packages.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collectors are attracted to labels both for their influence on artistic design and the history of retailing.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

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<ul><li><a href="Nameplate" title="Nameplate">Nameplate</a></li>

<li><a href="Head_badge" title="Head badge">Head badge</a></li>

<li><a href="Packaging_and_labeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Packaging and labeling">Packaging and labeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Pressure-sensitive_tape" title="Pressure-sensitive tape">Pressure-sensitive tape</a></li>

<li><a href="Sticker" title="Sticker">Sticker</a></li>

<li><a href="Swing_tag" title="Swing tag">Swing tag</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKovachBrown2008" class="citation web cs1">Kovach, A; Brown, S. (July 1, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.packagingdigest.com/">"Label recycling: a materials issue"</a>. <i>Packaging Digest</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKatz2008" class="citation web cs1">Katz, S. (July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090106141116/http://www.labelandnarrowweb.com/articles/2008/07/waste-recycling">"Waste Recycling"</a>. <i>Label and Narrow Web</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.labelandnarrowweb.com/articles/2008/07/waste-recycling">the original</a> on 2009-01-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-13</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJensen1999" class="citation web cs1">Jensen, Timothy (April 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071109204909/http://www.pstc.org/technical_notes/to_recycle.php?subject=packaging">"Packaging Tapes:To Recycle of Not"</a>. Adhesives and Sealants Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pstc.org/technical_notes/to_recycle.php?subject=packaging">the original</a> on 2007-11-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-06</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGruenewaldSheehan,_R._L.1997" class="citation journal cs1">Gruenewald, L. E.; Sheehan, R. L. (1997). "Consider box closures when considering recycling". <i>J. Applied Manufacturing Systems</i>. <b>9</b> (1). St Thomas Technology Press: <span class="nowrap">27–</span>29. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0899-0956">0899-0956</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friendofthesea.org/">"Sustainable Seafood Products Certification"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOpie1987" class="citation book cs1">Opie, Robert (1987). <i>The Art of the Label</i>. Simon & Schuster. p. 140. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0671654411</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Fairley M, "Encyclopedia of Label Technology". 2nd Edition, Tarsus Publishing, 2014,<a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1910507001</bdi>,</li>

<li>Holkham, T., "Label Writing and Planning – A guide to good customer communication", Chapman & Hall 1995, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7514-0361-X</bdi></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHollander1956" class="citation book cs1">Hollander, Stanley C. (1956). <i>History of labels : a record of the past developed in the search for the origins of an industry</i>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4924708">4924708</a>.</cite></li>

<li>Yam, K. L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-470-08704-6</bdi></li>

<li>ASTM D7932 Standard Specification for Printed, Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Labels for Use in Extreme Distribution Environments</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background: #ddf;">Marketing</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border:none;">

<a href="Marketing_management" title="Marketing management">Management</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

Key concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<a href="Account-based_marketing" title="Account-based marketing">Account-based marketing</a> · <a href="Marketing_activation" title="Marketing activation">Activation</a> · <a href="Annoyance_factor" title="Annoyance factor">Annoyance factor</a> · <a href="Attribution_(marketing)" title="Attribution (marketing)">Attribution</a> · <a href="Distribution_(marketing)" title="Distribution (marketing)">Distribution</a> · <a href="Brand_licensing" title="Brand licensing">Brand licensing</a> · <a href="Brand_management" title="Brand management">Brand management</a> · <a href="Cannibalization_(marketing)" title="Cannibalization (marketing)">Cannibalization</a> · <a href="Co-creation" title="Co-creation">Co-creation</a> · <a href="Marketing_communications" title="Marketing communications">Communications</a> · <a href="Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a> · <a href="Consumer_culture" title="Consumer culture">Consumer culture</a> · <a href="Digital_marketing" title="Digital marketing">Digital marketing</a> · <a href="Dominance_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominance (economics)">Dominance</a> · <a href="Marketing_effectiveness" title="Marketing effectiveness">Effectiveness</a> · <a href="Marketing_ethics" title="Marketing ethics">Ethics</a> · <a href="Horizontal_integration" title="Horizontal integration">Horizontal integration</a> · <a href="Influencer_marketing" title="Influencer marketing">Influencer marketing</a> · <a href="Marketing_mix" title="Marketing mix">Mix</a> · <a href="Pricing" title="Pricing">Pricing</a> · <a href="Product_marketing" title="Product marketing">Product marketing</a> · <a href="Promotion_(marketing)" title="Promotion (marketing)">Promotion</a> · <a href="Retail" title="Retail">Retail</a> · <a href="Market_segmentation" title="Market segmentation">Segmentation</a> · <a href="Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">Service</a> · <a href="Social_marketing" title="Social marketing">Social marketing</a> · <a href="Marketing_strategy" title="Marketing strategy">Strategy</a> · <a href="Vertical_integration" title="Vertical integration">Vertical integration</a></td>

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Promotional content</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<a href="Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a> · <a href="Ambush_marketing" title="Ambush marketing">Ambush marketing</a> · <a href="Brand" title="Brand">Branding</a> · <a href="Corporate_anniversary" title="Corporate anniversary">Corporate anniversary</a> · <a href="Direct_marketing" title="Direct marketing">Direct marketing</a> · <a href="Franchising" title="Franchising">Franchising</a> · <a href="Gender_in_advertising" title="Gender in advertising">Gender in advertising</a> · · <a href="Loyalty_marketing" title="Loyalty marketing">Loyalty marketing</a> · <a href="Mobile_marketing" title="Mobile marketing">Mobile marketing</a> · <a href="Music_on_hold" title="Music on hold">On-hold messaging</a> · <a href="Personal_selling" title="Personal selling">Personal selling</a> · <a href="Premium_(marketing)" title="Premium (marketing)">Premiums</a> · <a href="Prize_(marketing)" title="Prize (marketing)">Prizes</a> · <a href="Product_placement" title="Product placement">Product placement</a> · <a href="Corporate_propaganda" title="Corporate propaganda">Propaganda</a> · <a href="Publicity" title="Publicity">Publicity</a> · <a href="Sales_promotion" title="Sales promotion">Sales promotion</a> · <a href="Sex_in_advertising" title="Sex in advertising">Sex in advertising</a> · <a href="Underwriting_spot" title="Underwriting spot">Underwriting spot</a></td>

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Promotional media</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<a href="Behavioral_targeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral targeting">Behavioral targeting</a> · <a href="Brand_ambassador" title="Brand ambassador">Brand ambassador</a> · <a href="Counter_display_unit" title="Counter display unit">Counter display unit</a> · <a href="Display_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Display advertising">Display advertising</a> · <a href="Display_stand" title="Display stand">Display stand</a> · <a href="Drip_marketing" title="Drip marketing">Drip marketing</a> · <a href="Endcap" title="Endcap">Endcap</a> · <a href="Gondola_(retail)" title="Gondola (retail)">Gondola</a> · <a href="In-game_advertising" title="In-game advertising">In-game advertising</a> · <a href="Mobile_advertising" title="Mobile advertising">Mobile advertising</a> · <a href="Native_advertising" title="Native advertising">Native advertising</a> · <a href="New_media" title="New media">New media</a> · <a href="Online_advertising" title="Online advertising">Online advertising</a> · <a href="Out-of-home_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Out-of-home advertising">Out-of-home advertising</a> · <a href="Point_of_sale" title="Point of sale">Point of sale</a> · <a href="Product_demonstration" title="Product demonstration">Product demonstration</a> · <a href="Promotional_merchandise" title="Promotional merchandise">Promotional merchandise</a> <a href="Merchandising#Promotional_merchandising" title="Merchandising">(merchandising)</a> · <a href="Promotional_representative" title="Promotional representative">Promotional representative</a> · <a href="Visual_merchandising" title="Visual merchandising">Visual merchandising</a> · <a href="Web_banner" title="Web banner">Web banner</a> · <a href="Word-of-mouth_marketing" title="Word-of-mouth marketing">Word-of-mouth</a></td>

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Research</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Labeling44" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Labeling44" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> construction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adhesive" title="Adhesive">Adhesive</a></li>

<li><a href="Die_cutting_(web)" title="Die cutting (web)">Die cutting (web)</a></li>

<li><a href="Hologram" class="mw-redirect" title="Hologram">Hologram</a></li>

<li><a href="In-mould_labelling" title="In-mould labelling">In-mould labelling</a></li>

<li><a href="Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></li>

<li><a href="Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></li>

<li><a href="Pressure-sensitive_adhesive" title="Pressure-sensitive adhesive">Pressure-sensitive adhesive</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastic" title="Plastic">Plastic</a></li>

<li><a href="Printing" title="Printing">Printing</a></li>

<li><a href="Security_hologram" title="Security hologram">Security hologram</a></li>

<li><a href="Release_liner" title="Release liner">Release liner</a></li>

<li><a href="Security_printing" title="Security printing">Security printing</a></li>

<li><a href="Security_tape" title="Security tape">Security label</a></li>

<li><a href="Smart_label" title="Smart label">Smart label</a></li>

<li><a href="Sticker" title="Sticker">Sticker</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Content</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li>

<li><a href="Barcode" title="Barcode">Barcode</a></li>

<li><a href="Country_of_origin" title="Country of origin">Country of origin</a></li>

<li><a href="Tobacco_packaging_warning_messages" title="Tobacco packaging warning messages">Cigarette warning label</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecolabel" title="Ecolabel">Ecolabel</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Union_energy_label" title="European Union energy label">EU energy label</a></li>

<li><a href="Fair_Packaging_and_Labeling_Act" title="Fair Packaging and Labeling Act">Fair Packaging and Labeling Act</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_food_labeling_regulations" title="List of food labeling regulations">List of food labeling regulations</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandatory_labelling" title="Mandatory labelling">Mandatory labelling</a></li>

<li><a href="Nameplate" title="Nameplate">Nameplate</a></li>

<li><a href="Nutrition_facts_label" title="Nutrition facts label">Nutrition facts label</a></li>

<li><a href="Plain_tobacco_packaging" title="Plain tobacco packaging">Plain tobacco packaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio-frequency_identification" title="Radio-frequency identification">Radio-frequency identification</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Kingdom_food_information_regulations" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom food information regulations">United Kingdom food information regulations</a></li>

<li><a href="Warning_label" title="Warning label">Warning label</a></li>

<li><a href="Wine_label" title="Wine label">Wine label</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li>

<li><a href="Authentication" title="Authentication">Authentication</a></li>

<li><a href="Automatic_identification_and_data_capture" title="Automatic identification and data capture">Automatic identification and data capture</a></li>

<li><a href="Label_dispenser" title="Label dispenser">Label dispenser</a></li>

<li><a href="Label_printer" title="Label printer">Label printer</a></li>

<li><a href="Packaging" title="Packaging">Packaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Track_and_trace" title="Track and trace">Track and trace</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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